Mimetic and normative isomorphism in the establishment and maintenance of independent air forces

Why do countries have air forces? Organizational alternatives, such as maintaining separate air arms for the army and navy, have become quite rare. The conventional narrative advanced by advocates of independent air forces stress that the primacy of airpower in modern warfare mandates centralized control of most military aviation. In this view, political–military uncertainty has driven mimetic isomorphism – pressure on national governments to organize as others organize so as to fight or deter war just as effectively. However, working from a set of 56 countries that were politically independent within a few years of the establishment of the first ever independent air force (the Royal Air Force) in 1918, and continuing through nearly the present, there is no clear pattern of external military pressure prompting this particular reorganization. Rather, from anecdotal evidence, the cause has more likely been normative isomorphism – a professional craving to look as others look to foster political or personal legitimacy. For whatever reason, though, choices of structures tend to lead to specific choices of policies. Thus, the result suggests that defense ministries looking for more effective or less costly organizational schemas may reasonably consider alternatives to the tripartite army–navy–air force structure.     

Environmental regulation in project‐based industries

We study the environmental regulation of industrial activities that are organized as projects. Applications arise in construction, ship and aircraft building, and film making, among other industries. Relative to manufacturing, environmental regulation is different in project‐based industries, due to the uniqueness and geographical diversity of projects, and a lack of product takeback programs. Because the amount of waste and pollution generated by project companies can be large, regulators need environmental policies to ensure reduction of waste and pollution. We consider a regulator who attempts to maximize social welfare. We model this problem as a bilevel nonlinear program. The upper level regulator specifies waste reduction targets, which the lower level project companies meet using waste stream reduction and remediation of pollution, while attempting to control their project costs. We find that high waste diversion targets lead to outcomes with little pollution, but excessive project costs and only modest waste stream reduction. Projects that have lower task precedence density, or that have pollutants with different environmental impacts, show larger increases in project cost and time resulting from regulation. We describe a subsidy for waste stream reduction that coordinates the system, and we estimate the value of coordination. We also describe a bonus that encourages truthful reporting by project companies, and evaluate the relative cost and effectiveness of the subsidy and the bonus. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 62: 228–247, 2015     

基于频率分集的阵列雷达低角跟踪算法

针对舰载X波段阵列雷达研究了低角跟踪问题,雷达工作在频率分集模式。利用复反射系数与擦地角的关系建立了多频多径条件下阵列接收信号模型。推导了多频极大似然仰角谱,揭示了多频体制抑制仰角模糊的机理,推导出了仰角谱栅瓣间隔,分析了系统带宽对仰角谱的影响。提出谱峰正确选择概率来度量测角性能,通过仿真研究了SNR、目标仰角对仰角谱估计精度的影响,给定目标仰角条件下得到了满足测角精度要求的最小SNR,最小SNR随目标仰角增加并非严格单调下降。     

‘Outside their expertise’: The implications of Field Manual 3-24 for the professional military education of non-commissioned officers

Within the framework of classical theory, the joint US Army-Marine field manual Counterinsurgency (FM 3-24) described an ambitious set of skills required for success against guerrillas. But if counterinsurgency, as FM 3-24 describes it, is ‘the graduate level of warfare’, then these two military services have been for years systematically failing to train their talent in the appropriate fields. In today's small wars, NCOs serve as modern-day Mounties, and consequently require at least a modest undergraduate education in armed good governance.     

LEACH—DRT算法中基于神经网络的数据预测算法

为了保证无线传感器网络中数据的完整性,针对基于LEACH路由协议的动态轮时间算法存在的问题,提出一种基于人工神经网络的数据预测算法。该动态轮时间算法中,部分簇因调整后的轮时间不足以完成数据的采集而丢失数据。数据预测算法结合传感器节点数据具有时空相关性的特点,将时空延迟算子引入神经网络模型,并通过建立的神经网络模型对数据进行预测。仿真时采用伯克利英特尔实验室的传感器数据,通过Mafl软件对模型进行测试并分析仿真结果。实验结果表明：该算法对连续多个数据的预测效果理想,预测误差始终保持在较低水平。     

游移方位INS/GPS组合导航在极地地区的应用

针对极地地区复杂的导航环境,研究了一种游移方位INS/GPS组合导航系统,在详细推导游移方位惯性导航系统载体姿态误差的基础上,以位置、速度和姿态信息作为观测量,运用卡尔曼滤波算法进行仿真.结果表明,该组合导航系统满足极地地区的导航需求,引入姿态信息作为观测量,可有效增加对惯性导航的修正能力,提高系统的导航参数估计精度和速度.     

军队人才引进工作要尊重经济规律

人才引进工作是我军人才建设的重要环节。当前在人才引进中还有不少困难。应当正视在公民职业选择行为中经济因素的影响。要随着社会生产力和人民生活水平提高适时增加军人工资待遇,推进军官职业化进程,并完善国防生选拔培养制度。     

新型涂层固相微萃取-气相色谱分析检测VX

以溶胶凝胶和交联固化相结合的方法制备了杯[4]芳烃开链冠醚／羟基硅油（Calix[4]open chain ether／OH-TSO）复合涂层固相微萃取探头,采用固相微萃取与气相色谱联用的方法测定水和土壤中的VX．并对自制探头的萃取效率、热稳定性、抗溶剂冲洗能力、使用寿命,保质期以及探头制备重现性等性能进行了系统研究．     

聚钛碳硅烷的新合成法及其研究

从聚硅烷(PS)与钛酸丁酯。(Ti(OBu)_4)出发,不采用任何反应促进剂直接合成了含钛碳化硅纤维的先驱体聚钛碳硅烷(PTC)。在这一反应中,PS 首先裂解成含Si—C 骨架与Si—H 键的低分子聚硅烷(LPS)。然后,由LPS 中的Si—H 键与Ti(OBu)_4的反应以及LPS 的Si—Si 骨架裂解转化为Si—C 骨架的反应制得了PTC.本文对这种新合成法所涉及的反应过程进行了研究,并比较了新旧两法得到的PTC—1与PTC—Ⅱ的结构异同,报告了以新法制得的PTC—Ⅱ为先驱体得到的含钛碳化硅纤维的优良性能。     

现代心理战：从人的意识走向无意识

心理战在经过历次战场的磨练以及血与火的洗礼后，从侧重攻击人的意识转向无意识层面。无意识层面的心理战旨在发送不被对方官兵所感知到、觉察到的信息，以此改变人的心理和行为。在心理战的发展历程中．较之意识层面的心理战相比，无意识层面心理战通过信息的反复实施与渗透，攻心信息传递的高科技化，达到预期的攻心目标。这种新的心理战作战方式不仅丰富了心理战的作战理念，而且极大地提升了心理战“不战而屈人之兵”的作战效能。